Built environment and childhood obesity: A systematic review of the European literature
Full Text (PDF)
Franziska Schubert 1 * , Zacharias Joel Schulze 1 , Andreas Wienke 1 , Susanne Unverzagt 2 , Zora Michel 1 , Larissa Chandra 1 , Amand Führer 1
More Detail
1 Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), GERMANY2 Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), GERMANY* Corresponding Author
Abstract
Background: Childhood obesity is a major public health issue, identifying pathways to it is crucial. The term “obesogenic environment” describes neighborhood traits linked to higher obesity risk, but it’s unclear which environmental factors increase this risk and which neighborhood changes can improve outcomes.
Methods: Articles published between 2000 and June 2024 from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases conducted in EuropeanUnion countries were included, focusing on children aged 0-18.
Results: We found 2,531 articles initially and 1,278 in a second search, with 43 meeting all the criteria. Studies examined green space, air and noise pollution, facility richness, sports facilities, food environment, land-use mix, housing, walkability, street connectivity, and traffic. Only food environment and green space showed associations with childhood obesity, which mostly disappeared after adjusting for individual socioeconomic factors. Other environment variables showed no consistent associations. Further research is needed to understand how neighborhood properties influence childhood obesity.
Keywords
License
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Review Article
J CONTEMP STUD EPIDEMIOL PUBLIC HEALTH, Volume 7, Issue 1, 2026, Article No: ep26009
https://doi.org/10.29333/jconseph/17944
Publication date: 18 Feb 2026
Article Views: 13
Article Downloads: 4
Open Access References How to cite this articleReferences
- Ahrens W, Pigeot I, Pohlabeln H, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in European children below the age of 10. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(Suppl 2):S99-107. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.140 PMid:25376223
- NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390(10113): 2627-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3 PMid:29029897
- Lubrecht J, Arayess L, Reijnders D, et al. Weight gain in children during the COVID-19 pandemic and the protective effect of lifestyle intervention in children with obesity. Obes Facts. 2022;15(4):600-8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000525298 PMid:35640561 PMCid:PMC9421665
- WHO. European regional obesity report 2022. World Health Organization; 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289057738 (Accessed: 17 November 2025).
- Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17(2):95-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12334 PMid:26696565
- Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R, IASO International Obesity TaskForce. Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. Obes Rev. 2004;5(Suppl 1):4-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x PMid:15096099
- Jan S, Laba T-L, Essue BM, et al. Action to address the household economic burden of non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2018;391(10134):2047-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30323-4 PMid:29627161
- Okunogbe A, Nugent R, Spencer G, Powis J, Ralston J, Wilding J. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: Current and future estimates for 161 countries. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(9):e009773. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009773 PMid:36130777 PMCid:PMC9494015
- Swinburn BA, Caterson I, Seidell JC, James WPT. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of excess weight gain and obesity. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(1A):123-46. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003585 PMid:14972057
- Spiga F, Davies AL, Tomlinson E, et al. Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;5(5):CD015328. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015328.pub2 PMid:38763517 PMCid:PMC11102828
- Wang Y, Lim H. The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio-economic status and childhood obesity. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2012;24(3):176-88. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2012.688195 PMid:22724639 PMCid:PMC4561623
- Marmot MG. The status syndrome: How your social standing affects our health and longevity. New York, NY: Holt; 2005.
- Marmot MG, Wilkinson RG. Social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011.
- Wilkinson RG, Marmot MG. Social determinants of health: The solid facts. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2003.
- Joost S, Duruz S, Marques-Vidal P, et al. Persistent spatial clusters of high body mass index in a swiss urban population as revealed by the 5-year geocolaus longitudinal study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(1):e010145. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010145 PMid:26733572 PMCid:PMC4716152
- Lake A, Townshend T. Obesogenic environments: Exploring the built and food environments. J R Soc Promot Health. 2006;126(6):262-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466424006070487 PMid:17152319
- Laddu D, Paluch AE, LaMonte MJ. The role of the built environment in promoting movement and physical activity across the lifespan: Implications for public health. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;64:33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.12.009 PMid:33428966
- Feng J, Glass TA, Curriero FC, Stewart WF, Schwartz BS. The built environment and obesity: A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Health Place. 2010;16(2):175-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.09.008 PMid:19880341
- Lefebvre H, Nicholson-Smith D, Lefebvre H, Lefebvre H. The production of space. Oxford: Blackwell; 1997.
- Macintyre S. Deprivation amplification revisited; Or, is it always true that poorer places have poorer access to resources for healthy diets and physical activity? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4(1):32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-4-32 PMid:17683624 PMCid:PMC1976614
- Muka T, Glisic M, Milic J, et al. A 24-step guide on how to design, conduct, and successfully publish a systematic review and meta-analysis in medical research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(1):49-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00576-5 PMid:31720912
- Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 PMid:33782057 PMCid:PMC8005924
- Brown D. A review of the PubMed PICO tool: Using evidence-based practice in health education. Health Promot Pract. 2020;21(4):496-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839919893361 PMid:31874567
- European Union. EU countries. European Union; 2025. Available at: https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries_en (Accessed: 18 February 2025).
- Rayyan. Rayyan: AI-powered systematic review management platform. Rayyan; 2025. Available at: https://www.rayyan.ai/ (Accessed: 18 February 2025).
- JBI. JBI critical appraisal tools. JBI; 2025. Available at: https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools (Accessed: 18 February 2025).
- Jia P, Luo M, Li Y, et al. Fast-food restaurant, unhealthy eating, and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2021;22(Suppl 1):e12944. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12944 PMid:31507064 PMCid:PMC7988557
- Wilding S, Ziauddeen N, Smith D, Roderick P, Chase D, Alwan, NA. Are environmental area characteristics at birth associated with overweight and obesity in school-aged children? Findings from the slope (studying lifecourse obesity predictors) population-based cohort in the South of England. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01513-0 PMid:32188454 PMCid:PMC7081603
- Green MA, Radley D, Lomax N, Morris MA, Griffiths C. Is adolescent body mass index and waist circumference associated with the food environments surrounding schools and homes? A longitudinal analysis. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):482. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5383-z PMid:29716577 PMCid:PMC5930416
- Turbutt C, Richardson J, Pettinger C. The impact of hot food takeaways near schools in the UK on childhood obesity: A systematic review of the evidence. J Public Health. 2019;41(2):231-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy048 PMid:29590382
- Cobb LK, Appel LJ, Franco M, Jones-Smith JC, Nur A, Anderson CAM. The relationship of the local food environment with obesity: A systematic review of methods, study quality, and results. Obesity. 2015;23(7):1331-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21118 PMid:26096983 PMCid:PMC4482774
- Block JP, Scribner RA, DeSalvo KB. Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27(3):211-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.007 PMid:15450633
- Duncan DT, Kawachi I. Neighborhoods and health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0001
- Lachowycz K, Jones AP. Greenspace and obesity: A systematic review of the evidence. Obes Rev. 2011;12(5): e183-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00827.x PMid:21348919
- Zhou Y von Lengerke T, Dreier M. Comparing different data sources by examining the associations between surrounding greenspace and children’s weight status. Int J Health Geogr. 2021;20(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-021-00278-w PMid:34049563 PMCid:PMC8164277
- Zhou Y, Buck C, Maier W, von Lengerke T, Walter U, Dreier M. Built environment and childhood weight status: A multi-level study using population-based data in the City of Hannover, Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082694 PMid:32295200 PMCid:PMC7215411
- Van Der Zwaard BC, Schalkwijk AAH, Elders PJM, Platt L, Nijpels G. Does environment influence childhood BMI? A longitudinal analysis of children aged 3-11. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2018;72(12):1110-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210701 PMid:30171084
- Lange D, Wahrendorf M, Siegrist J, Plachta-Danielzik S, Landsberg B, Müller MJ. Associations between neighbourhood characteristics, body mass index and health-related behaviours of adolescents in the kiel obesity prevention study: A multilevel analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65(6):711-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.21 PMid:21448220
- Schüle SA, Fromme H, Bolte G. Built and socioeconomic neighbourhood environments and overweight in preschool aged children. A multilevel study to disentangle individual and contextual relationships. Environ Res. 2016;150:328-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.024 PMid:27340813
- Wilhelmsen CK, Skalleberg K, Raanaas RK, Tveite H, Aamodt G. Associations between green area in school neighbourhoods and overweight and obesity among norwegian adolescents. Prev Med Rep. 2017;7:99-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.05.020 PMid:28593129 PMCid:PMC5460739
- de Bont J, Márquez S, Fernández-Barrés S, et al. Urban environment and obesity and weight-related behaviours in primary school children. Environ Int. 2021;155:106700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106700 PMid:34144474
- Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Agier, L, Basagana X, et al. Influence of the urban exposome on birth weight. Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127(4):47007. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3971 PMid:31009264 PMCid:PMC6785228
- Glass T, Bilal U. Are neighborhoods causal? Complications arising from the “stickiness” of ZNA. Soc Sci Med. 2016;166: 244-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.001 PMid:26830654
- Shouls S, Congdon P, Curtis S. Modelling inequality in reported Long term illness in the UK: Combining individual and area characteristics. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996;50(3):366-76. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.50.3.366 PMid:8935472 PMCid:PMC1060297
- Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Urban and transport planning, environmental exposures and health-new concepts, methods and tools to improve health in cities. Environ Health. 2016;15:S38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0108-1 PMid:26960529 PMCid:PMC4895603
- Smets V, Vandevijvere S. Changes in retail food environments around schools over 12 years and associations with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in flanders, Belgium. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1570. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13970-8 PMid:35982440 PMCid:PMC9387020
- Nguyen TH, Götz S, Kreffter K, Lisak-Wahl S, Dragano N, Weyers S. Neighbourhood deprivation and obesity among 5656 pre-school children–Findings from mandatory school enrollment examinations. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(6):1947-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-03988-2 PMid:33576893 PMCid:PMC8105223
- Showell NN, Jennings JM, Johnson KA, Perin J, Thornton R. LJ. Where children live: Examining whether neighborhood crime and poverty is associated with overweight and obesity among low-income preschool-aged primary care patients. Front Pediatr. 2019;6:433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00433 PMid:30723710 PMCid:PMC6350678
- Buck C, Börnhorst C, Pohlabeln H, et al. Clustering of unhealthy food around German schools and its influence on dietary behavior in school children: A pilot study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-65 PMid:23714200 PMCid:PMC3686694
- Zhou Y, Buck C, Maier W, von Lengerke T, Walter U, Dreier M. Built environment and childhood weight status: A multi-level study using population-based data in the City of Hannover, Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082694 PMid:32295200 PMCid:PMC7215411
- Zhou Y, von Lengerke T, Dreier M. Comparing different data sources by examining the associations between surrounding greenspace and children’s weight status. Int J Health Geogr. 2021;20(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-021-00278-w PMid:34049563 PMCid:PMC8164277
- Bredenbeck HPB. Children’s lifestyles and health-related behaviors in the City of Cologne. RES. 2010;2(1):39. https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v2n1p39
- Lakes T, Burkart K. Childhood overweight in berlin: Intra-urban differences and underlying influencing factors. Int J Health Geogr. 2016;15(1):12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-016-0041-0 PMid:27001085 PMCid:PMC4802651
- Gose M, Plachta-Danielzik S, Willié B, Johannsen M, Landsberg B, Müller M. Longitudinal influences of neighbourhood built and social environment on children’s weight status. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013; 10(10):5083-96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105083 PMid:24132135 PMCid:PMC3823344
- Poulain T, Sobek C, Ludwig J, et al. Associations of green spaces and streets in the living environment with outdoor activity, media use, overweight/Obesity and emotional wellbeing in children and adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):6321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176321 PMid:32878010 PMCid:PMC7504494
- Ribeiro AI, Santos AC, Vieira VM, Barros H. Hotspots of childhood obesity in a large metropolitan area: Does neighbourhood social and built environment play a part? Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(3):934-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz205 PMid:31603208 PMCid:PMC7394944
- Ferrao MM, Gama A, Marques VR, et al. Association between parental perceptions of residential neighbourhood environments and childhood obesity in Porto, Portugal. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(6):1027-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks187 PMid:23325125
- Machado-Rodrigues AM, Santana A, Gama A, et al. Parental perceptions of neighborhood environments, BMI, and active behaviors in girls aged 7–9 years. Am J Hum Biol. 2014;26(5):670-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22577 PMid:24943355
- Pereira M, Nogueira H, Padez C. The role of urban design in childhood obesity: A case study in Lisbon, Portugal. Am J Hum Biol. 2019;31(3):e23220. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23220 PMid:30869821
- Melo J, Ribeiro AI, Aznar S, Pizarro A, Santos MP. Urban green spaces, greenness exposure and species richness in residential environments and relations with physical activity and BMI in portuguese adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12):6588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126588 PMid:34207424 PMCid:PMC8296418
- Villanueva R, Albaladejo R, Astasio P, Ortega P, Santos J, Regidor E. Socio-economic environment, area facilities and obesity and physical inactivity among children. Eur J Public Health. 2016;26(2):267-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv215 PMid:26578662
- Albaladejo R, Villanueva R, Navalpotro L, Ortega P, Astasio P, Regidor E. Risk behaviors and sports facilities do not explain socioeconomic differences in childhood obesity: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1181. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1181 PMid:25407890 PMCid:PMC4246479
- de Bont J, Díaz Y, de Castro M, et al. Ambient air pollution and the development of overweight and obesity in children: A large longitudinal study. Int J Obes. 2021; 45(5):1124-32. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00783-9 PMid:33627774
- de Bont J, Hughes R, Tilling K, et al. Early life exposure to air pollution, green spaces and built environment, and body mass index growth trajectories during the first 5 years of life: A large longitudinal study. Environ Pollut. 2020; 266:115266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115266 PMid:32745901
- Sánchez-Valdivia N, Pérez-del-Pulgar C, de Bont J, et al. Residential proximity to urban play spaces and childhood overweight and obesity in barcelona, Spain: A population-based longitudinal study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(20):13676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013676 PMid:36294256 PMCid:PMC9603004
- Molina-García J, Menescardi C, Estevan I, Queralt A. Associations between park and playground availability and proximity and children’s physical activity and body mass index: The BEACH study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;19(1):250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010250 PMid:35010510 PMCid:PMC8750605
- Molina-García J, Queralt A, Adams MA, Conway TL, Sallis JF. Neighborhood built environment and socio-economic status in relation to multiple health outcomes in adolescents. Prev Med. 2017;105:88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.08.026 PMid:28863871
- Dadvand P, Villanueva CM, Font-Ribera L, et al. Risks and benefits of green spaces for children: A cross-sectional study of associations with sedentary behavior, obesity, asthma, and allergy. Environ Health Perspect. 2014; 122(12):1329-35. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308038 PMid:25157960 PMCid:PMC4256701
- Frondelius K, Oudin A, Malmqvist E. Traffic-related air pollution and child BMI–A study of prenatal exposure to nitrogen oxides and body mass index in children at the age of four years in Malmö, Sweden. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10):2294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102294 PMid:30347657 PMCid:PMC6210059
- Hamano T, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Association between childhood obesity and neighbourhood accessibility to fast-food outlets: A nationwide 6-year follow-up study of 944,487 children. Obes Facts. 2017;10(6):559-68. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481352 PMid:29161708 PMCid:PMC5836231
- Wallas A, Ekström S, Bergström A, et al. Traffic noise exposure in relation to adverse birth outcomes and body mass between birth and adolescence. Environ Res. 2019; 169:362-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.039 PMid:30513507
- Hrudey E, Kunst A, Stronks K, Vrijkotte T. Do neighborhood characteristics in Amsterdam influence adiposity at preschool age? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015; 12(5):5561-80. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505561 PMid:26006128 PMCid:PMC4454985
- Schmidt SC, Sleddens EFC, de Vries, SI, Gubbels J, Thijs C. Longitudinal association of neighborhood variables with body mass index in Dutch school-age children: The koala birth cohort study. Soc Sci Med. 2015;135:99-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.018 PMid:25965890
- Bloemsma LD, Wijga AH, Klompmaker JO, et al. The associations of air pollution, traffic noise and green space with overweight throughout childhood: The PIAMA birth cohort study. Environ Res. 2019;169:348-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.026 PMid:30504077
- Grassi T, De Donno A, Bagordo F, et al. Socio-economic and environmental factors associated with overweight and obesity in children aged 6-8 years living in five Italian cities (the MAPEC_LIFE cohort). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(10):1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101002 PMid:27727193 PMCid:PMC5086741
- Fioravanti S, Cesaroni G, Badaloni C, Michelozzi P, Forastiere F, Porta D. Traffic-related air pollution and childhood obesity in an Italian birth cohort. Environ Res. 2018;160:479-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.003 PMid:29078141
- Nelson NM, Woods CB. Obesogenic environments: Are neighbourhood environments that limit physical activity obesogenic? Health Place. 2009;15(4):917-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.02.001 PMid:19285449
- Spilkova J, Spilkova J. Teenage overweight and obesity: A pilot study of obesogenic and obesoprotective environments in the Czech Republic. Morav Geogr Rep. 2016;24(1):55-64. https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0005
- Christensen JS, Hjortebjerg D, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ketzel M, Sørensen TIA, Sørensen M. Pregnancy and childhood exposure to residential traffic noise and overweight at 7 years of age. Environ Int. 2016;94:170-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.016 PMid:27258658
- Petraviciene I, Grazuleviciene R, Andrusaityte S, Dedele A, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Impact of the social and natural environment on preschool-age children weight. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(3):449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030449 PMid:29510565 PMCid:PMC5876994
- Vrijheid M, Fossati S, Maitre L, et al. Early-life environmental exposures and childhood obesity: An exposome-wide approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(6):067009. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5975 PMid:32579081 PMCid:PMC7313401
- Badpa M, Schneider A, Ziegler A-G, et al. Outdoor light at night and children’s body mass: A cross-sectional analysis in the Fr1da study. Environ Res. 2023;232:116325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116325 PMid:37271437
- Bellisario V, Comoretto R, Berchialla P, et al. The association between greenness and urbanization level with weight status among adolescents: New evidence from the HBSC 2018 Italian survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(10):5897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105897 PMid:35627433 PMCid:PMC9140930
- De Ryck E, Ghosh M, Nawrot TS, et al. Effects of exposure to environmental factors on obesity-related growth parameters and leptin (LEP) methylation in children. Environ Pollut. 2024;346:123465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123465 PMid:38309423
- Gallotta MC, Zimatore G, Falcioni L, et al. Influence of geographical area and living setting on children’s weight status, motor coordination, and physical activity. Front Pediatr. 2022;9:794284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.794284 PMid:35127594 PMCid:PMC8812466
- López-Gil JF, Chen S, Smith L, et al. What is the role of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) on excess weight? A cross-sectional study in young Spanish people aged 2-14 years. Environ Res. 2023;216:114561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114561 PMid:36243054
- Lourenço AC, Nogueira HG, Rodrigues D, et al. Observing the neighborhood multidimensionality and overweight in children of different developmental stages–The emergence of an unusual association. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;183(2):611-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-023-05326-0 PMid:37940707
- Nagrani R, Marron M, Bongaerts E, et al. Association of urinary and ambient black carbon, and other ambient air pollutants with risk of prediabetes and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Environ Pollut. 2023;317:120773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120773 PMid:36455765
How to cite this article
APA
Schubert, F., Schulze, Z. J., Wienke, A., Unverzagt, S., Michel, Z., Chandra, L., & Führer, A. (2026). Built environment and childhood obesity: A systematic review of the European literature. Journal of Contemporary Studies in Epidemiology and Public Health, 7(1), ep26009. https://doi.org/10.29333/jconseph/17944
Vancouver
Schubert F, Schulze ZJ, Wienke A, Unverzagt S, Michel Z, Chandra L, et al. Built environment and childhood obesity: A systematic review of the European literature. J CONTEMP STUD EPIDEMIOL PUBLIC HEALTH. 2026;7(1):ep26009. https://doi.org/10.29333/jconseph/17944
AMA
Schubert F, Schulze ZJ, Wienke A, et al. Built environment and childhood obesity: A systematic review of the European literature. J CONTEMP STUD EPIDEMIOL PUBLIC HEALTH. 2026;7(1), ep26009. https://doi.org/10.29333/jconseph/17944
Chicago
Schubert, Franziska, Zacharias Joel Schulze, Andreas Wienke, Susanne Unverzagt, Zora Michel, Larissa Chandra, and Amand Führer. "Built environment and childhood obesity: A systematic review of the European literature". Journal of Contemporary Studies in Epidemiology and Public Health 2026 7 no. 1 (2026): ep26009. https://doi.org/10.29333/jconseph/17944
Harvard
Schubert, F., Schulze, Z. J., Wienke, A., Unverzagt, S., Michel, Z., Chandra, L., and Führer, A. (2026). Built environment and childhood obesity: A systematic review of the European literature. Journal of Contemporary Studies in Epidemiology and Public Health, 7(1), ep26009. https://doi.org/10.29333/jconseph/17944
MLA
Schubert, Franziska et al. "Built environment and childhood obesity: A systematic review of the European literature". Journal of Contemporary Studies in Epidemiology and Public Health, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026, ep26009. https://doi.org/10.29333/jconseph/17944